Monday, May 25, 2020

Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolution in France and...

In this paper I will compare the theories and ideas from both Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France and John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty. In comparing these two philosophers, I will be paralleling their ideas and my own ideas I will be attributing them towards the modern day whistleblower, Edward Snowden. Political figures, government representatives and philosophy advocates have carefully studied Burke’s and Mill’s writings over hundreds of years to better understand their theories on governmental control in a society. One of, if not the most noteworthy concept in both their famous writings revolved around the concept of governmental control in a society. Both Burke and Mill have their own theories; they also have many†¦show more content†¦He was a committed advocate of utilitarianism. Mill made it known that he was a strong supporter of giving the power back to the minorities. The minority citizens in a society are the people who always challenge the system and keep the society advancing and evolving. He recognized that the only way we as a society can evolve and prosper is to find a way to give the minority a voice. Edward Snowden is an infrastructure analysis for the NSA. Snowden disclosed classified information to the general public and confidential government mass surveillance programs to the press. He was announced as the NSA’s public whistleblower. His views for these actions are based upon the underlining truths of both Burke and Mill’s theories. He believed that giving the minorities a voice in what their superiors are doing is the right thing to do. As Snowden stated in his interview â€Å"The public is owed an explanation of the motivations behind the people who make these disclosures that are outside of the democratic power.† (Kevin M. Gallagher) It is with his great power that they had to make a decision. Knowing he did not like the fact that the public does not know what he is capable of doing, does he tell everyone openly and possibly put himself at risk? Or does he keep everything still to himself and not worry about the following consequences or what could hap pen to him. Edmund Burke was a true leading figure of the conservative party. While he was writing his pieceShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Issues of Abortion and Gay Marriage1521 Words   |  7 Pagesand of course one conservative philosopher, Burke, to examine the different points of views. Stuart Mill will of course take the standpoint of the traditional liberalist values. Whereas Burke’s views will connect to some Liberalist principles, but for the most part will be more prone to the conservative principles of gradual evolutionary changes instead of revolutionary changes. John Stuart Mill is one of the most revered Liberalist philosophers of his time. Mill was one of the originalRead MoreTradition And Tradition Throughout Contemporary Life2102 Words   |  9 Pagescontemporary life? In your answer consider the views of Edmund Burke and J.S.Mills. Tradition can be defined as ‘The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way’ , a custom within tradition is a widely accepted way in which the individual behaves or acts specifically to the particular beliefs of the social group in which they adhere to. As modernity came to fruition, individualism that Mill’s proposed was so intrinsic to modernisation resulted

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes -Phile, -Philic

The suffix -phile  comes from the Greek philos,  which means to love. Words that end with (-phile) refer to someone or something that loves or has a fondness of, attraction to, or affection for something. It also means to have a tendency toward something. Related terms include (-philic),(-philia), and (-philo). Words Ending With  (-Phile) Acidophile (acido-phile): Organisms that thrive in acidic environments are called acidophiles. They include some bacteria, archaeans, and fungi. Alkaliphile (alkali-phile): Alkaliphiles are organisms that thrive in alkaline environments with a pH above 9. They live in habitats such as carbonate-rich soils and alkaline lakes. Barophile (baro-phile): Barophiles are organisms that live in high-pressure habitats, such as deep-sea environments. Electrophile (electro-phile): An electrophile is a compound that is attracted to and accepts electrons in a chemical reaction. Extremophile (extremo-phile): An organism that lives and thrives in extreme environments is known as an extremophile. Such habitats include volcanic, salty, or deep-sea environments. Halophile (halo-phile): A haloophile is an organism that thrives in environments with high salt concentrations, such as salt lakes. Pedophile (pedo-phile):  A pedophile is an individual who has an abnormal attraction to or affection for children. Psychrophile (psychro-phile): An organism that thrives in very cold or frozen environments is a psychrophile. They live in polar regions and deep sea habitats. Xenophile (xeno-phile):  A xenophile is one who is attracted to all things foreign including people, languages, and cultures. Zoophile (zoo-phile):  An individual who loves animals is a zoophile.  This term can also refer to people who have an abnormal sexual attraction to animals. Words Ending With  (-Philia) Acrophilia (acro-philia): Acrophilia is a love of heights or elevated regions. Algophilia (algo-philia): Algophilia is a love of pain. Autophilia (auto-philia): Autophilia is a narcissistic type of self-love. Basophilia (baso-philia): Basophilia describes cells or cell components that are attracted to basic dyes. White blood cells called basophils are examples of this type of cell. Basophilia also describes a blood condition in which there is an increase in basophils in circulation. Hemophilia (hemo-philia):  Hemophilia is a sex-linked blood disorder characterized by excessive bleeding due to a defect in a blood clotting factor. A person with hemophilia has a tendency toward bleeding uncontrollably. Necrophilia (necro-philia): This term refers to having an abnormal fondness of or attraction to dead bodies. Spasmophilia (spasmo-philia):  This nervous system condition involves motor neurons that are overly sensitive and induce convulsions or spasms. Words Ending With  (-Philic) Aerophilic (aero-philic): Aerophilic organisms depend on oxygen or air for survival. Eosinophilic (eosino-philic): Cells or tissues that are readily stained with eosin dye are called eosinophilic. White blood cells called eosinophils are examples of eosinophilic cells. Hemophilic (hemo-philic): This term refers to organisms, particularly bacteria, that have an affinity for red blood cells and grow well in blood cultures. It also refers to individuals with hemophilia. Hydrophilic (hydro-philic): This term describes a substance that has a strong attraction to or affinity for water. Oleophilic (oleo-philic): Substances that have a strong affinity for oil are called oleophilic. Oxyphilic (oxy-philic): This term describes cells or tissues that have an affinity for acid dyes. Photophilic (photo-philic): Organisms that are attracted to and thrive in light are known as photophilic organisms. Thermophilic (thermo-philic): Thermophilic organisms are those that live and thrive in hot environments.

Friday, May 15, 2020

What is Study Food - 2788 Words

Study Foods is a new retail company that will provide niche marketed goods comprising of a variety of specific study foods that is easy to access, in demand, and competitively priced. Study Foods will be an unincorporated partnership with a strategic goal of expanding and introducing a larger range of products and also expanding into an incorporated public business. Study Foods will provide a wide array of competitively priced nutritional snack packs for the target market consisting of people aged 18-25. We are fully aware of the vast amount of retailers which sell similar products and we have specific plans to be the leader in the market. Our intent is to provide the community with unique nutritional study snack packs that they would†¦show more content†¦Forming a better future for students, providing them with a capacity to further their learning ability effortlessly. Mission Statement: Our mission at â€Å"study foods† is to ultimately bridge the gap of eating healthy with study habits, altering the quintessential study mentality of junk food. We plan on providing consumers with the capacity to enhance study performance and efficiency, via simple and attractive means of consuming our products. Company Credo: Study Foods aims to provide and enhance food nutrition for university students with the strategy of reducing malnutrition. Study Foods belief it so create a strong link between eating healthy and studying, but provide the consumer with a quality. 2.3‘Organisational Stakeholders’ As per Freeman (1983), a holistic approach to organisations is required, where the business aims to satisfy all parties who have a â€Å"stake† in the business. This is a significant shift, away from the concept of shareholder wealth maximisation in previous eras. Further, the long-run survival of the business will be supported by the stakeholder perspective, as it will not only create value for the shareholders (by making shareholders more wealthy), but also create value for other stakeholders (Freeman et al., 2004) Ranking of Stakeholders, based on relevance and importance to Study Foods: 1. Environment 2. Customers 3.Show MoreRelatedStreet Foods725 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKGROUND Background of the Study Street food  is ready-to-eat food or drink sold in a street or other public places, such as a market or fair, by a vendor, often from a portable  stall. Most street foods are classed as both  finger food  and  fast food, and are cheaper on average than restaurant meals. According to a 2007 study from the  Food and Agriculture Organization, 2.5 billion people eat street food every day. In the Philippines it is easy to prepare and eatenRead MoreFood Choices Of College Life And Time Affect Eating Habits1188 Words   |  5 Pages The purpose of my paper is to study the motivations in food choices of college students to see how college life and time affect eating habits. Students often must balance busy lives and have limited income, so money and time often are critical when deciding what to eat. The main concepts of my research question have to do with what causes people to eat healthily or unhealthily. The point is to try to understand what influences people’s eating habits, primarily how social class and time influenceRead MoreFast Food Industry Research Proposal1593 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Proposal (Fast Food Industry) To study the attitude towards consumption of healthy food within the fast food industry Background We are a marketing research team of a fast food chain store. With increasing awareness about healthy food among the masses and with consumer preferences changing towards healthy food, we intend to launch a health food segment to cater to this need of the customers. We are also concerned about the pricing of the product that whether it should be priced same asRead MoreThe Influence of Media on Teenagers Diet788 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Media influence Food product choice is overwhelming as well as TV commercials and print advertisements that want to sell their food products to us. Who to believe? How to choose? Do you trust what is shown to you? Obviously, it’s up to each of us to decide what we eat but if we’re constantly bombarded with images of food every time we pick up a magazine then we’re going to be swayed in what we choose. The advertising of snack and so called junk foods to young people  is being blamedRead MoreApplying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Healthcare1402 Words   |  6 Pagesaddition, the school lunch program is important in providing food children from disadvantaged backgrounds (the subsidized National School Lunch program serves over 28 million schoolchildren a day). Thus, the role of schools in shaping the eating habits its of students as well as the potential for school-cafeteria dining to affect students purchasing patterns is important to consider. Due to changes in school cafeteria practices, a students food choices are poorer today than they were years ago. SnellingRead MoreLow Income Residents : The United States Department Of Agriculture1420 Words   |  6 Pagesvery little access to healthy food items are commonly known as â€Å"food deserts†. Definitions of this term may very but the phrase was first used in 1990 by researchers i n the United Kingdom. â€Å"Food deserts† became a popular word in the United States by 2003 to describe certain areas of Mississippi that were nowhere near supermarkets. The United States Department of Agriculture recognized â€Å"food deserts† as regions with very little access to affordable and nutritious foods, predominantly communities withRead MoreThe Intake Of Food And Fluid During Labour1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe intake of food and fluid during labour: One of the most challenging stages of pregnancy can be the intrapartum period. This is the period were a women is birthing her child, although it may be really challenging it is also the most exciting part of pregnancy for most couples. Bridget is a twenty-eight year old multiparous women who is thirty-nine weeks and five days pregnant. Bridget has been admitted into the labour ward with antenatal history showing a normal physiological pregnancy and sheRead MoreMandatory Labeling Of Genetically Modified Foods1671 Words   |  7 Pages(US Const. amend. I, sec. 3). But do we have the right to know what we are taking into our bodies? Recently, the proposal arose that there should be mandatory labeling of genetically modified (GM) foods in the United States. The proposal was however, rejected at the national, state, and local levels. According to the World Health Organization, genetically modified foods are foods with artificial transformed DNA. Genetically modified foods are made from the slicing of the DNA of different genes fromRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesfuture, and what are the contributing factors to this increase in obese youths. A possible contributing factor is food advertisements that contain poor-nutrient food and are targeted at children. Children and adolescents are constantly exposed to various advertisements on a daily basis. Many studies have suggested that there would be an overall reduction in obesity and overweight rates with the ban or reduction of nutrient-poor food advertisements. The combination of advertisements of poor food choicesRead MoreWe Must Regulate the Advertising of Unhealthy Fast Food Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pages Think back to last year’s Super Bowl. What do we really remember about the event? One might say the game-winning drive, the players excitement, but what most of us remember was the commercials. The hilarious Old Spice commericals, the creative, funny, car commercials, and most importantly the dozens of commercials about food. Ranging from Campbell’s Soup, to Snickers, to Coca Cola, these commercials seem to be shown just for our entertainment; however, although we might not realize it, they do

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on Week 2 - 809 Words

Labor relations chapter 1 – 2 notes 1. Experts believe that the widening gap between the richest and poorest individuals in the U.S. is in part due to the weakened position of labor unions. (Points : 1) | True False | 2. In the U.S., most workers can be discharged for good cause, no cause, and even a morally wrong cause, as long as the discharge is not on the basis of race, gender, religion or another classification protected by law. (Points : 1) | True False | 3. Conflicts between what employees want and what employers want are generally resolved privately between the individual and his/her employer. (Points : 1) | True False | 4. Neoliberal market†¦show more content†¦Compared to other countries, the system of labor relations in the U.S. is (Points : 1) | Loosely regulated Tightly regulated Similarly regulated Unfairly regulated | 10. It has been argued that demand for services traditionally provided for by unions has declined over time due to: (Points : 1) | Laws prohibiting unions from providing th e same services that they used to provide Unions placing too much emphasis on organizing new members instead of representing the interests of those they already have Substitution of union services by enlightened employer practices and protective legislation The perception that unions and management are too tight and are more interested in protecting each other than they are in protecting union workers | 11. The media generally report employment issues from the perspective of a typical worker, as opposed to the consumer or business leaders perspective. (Points : 1) | True False | 12. The labor problem can be defined as undesirable outcomes created out of an employment relationship which is inequitable, contentious, and exploitive. (Points : 1) | True False | 13. Mass manufacturing can be at leastShow MoreRelatedWeek 2967 Words   |  4 Pageseffectively being used to make adjustments as necessary. Project tend to go through changes as the project goes, and another feature is the p roject tracing, which allows the PM to revise the plan and see impact of changes, to make better decisions. 2. Imagine that you are interviewing for a job when the interviewer asks you which cost-benefit analysis technique is best for assessing a project’s economic feasibility. What would your response be? Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postingsRead MoreWeek 21062 Words   |  5 Pagesan emergency situation. The majority of phone calls to the police are in need of social service as opposed to those relating to crimes. There are several factors that shape what police do. Police officers are available 24 hours a day seven days a week. People call on the police when they find themselves in an emergency situation and there is not another agency available. Because of this availability, it sometimes gives officers a heavy workload. Police work is different and unique from otherRead MoreWeek 21061 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment  2:  Marketing  Plan Name Institutional affiliation Date Target Market The Affordable Blended Smoothie, Inc. will be producing a healthy non-alcoholic product. As more families and the society continue struggle to maintain healthy lifestyles, the new beverage comes at the right time in remedying the situation. The new energy drink will be suitable to all classes of people regardless of their age, educational level, income, gender, or ethnic affiliationRead MorePhi 210 Week 2 Phi210 Week 23502 Words   |  15 Pageshttp://workbank247.com/q/phi210-phi-210-complete-course-phi210-complete-cou/11059 http://workbank247.com/q/phi210-phi-210-complete-course-phi210-complete-cou/11059 PHI 210 Week 1 Discussion Critical Thinking in the Workplace  Ã‚  Please respond to the following: * The video clip â€Å"Thinking on the Job† in the Webtext this week illustrates the importance of critical thinking, especially in work contexts. Define the concept of critical thinking in your own words. Discuss a time in either your work orRead MoreWeek 2 Quiz1376 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions are worth the same point value (3 points each). Email me your completed quiz no later than Sunday, Nov 2nd. Chapter 1: TRUE/FALSE (1-9) 1) Management science involves the philosophy of approaching a problem in a subjective manner. FALSE 2) Management scientists use the terms data and information interchangeably--that is, the two terms mean the same thing. TRUE 3) A variable is a value that is usually a coefficient of a parameter in an equation. TRUE 4) Parameters are known, constantRead MoreSpe 513 Week 2 Spe513 Week 2 Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesSPE 513 Complete Course SPE513 Complete Course Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/spe-513-complete-course-spe513-complete-course/13555 http://workbank247.com/q/spe-513-complete-course-spe513-complete-course/13555 SPE 513 WEEK 1 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT REFLECTION PAPER Write  a 500- to 750-word reflection paper. Include  your experiences and beliefs as a student in a classroom with exceptional students. Address  the following questions: * How was diversity addressed when you wereRead MoreWeek 2 Assignment1945 Words   |  8 PagesWeek 2 (7) Trade and Comparative Advantage Chapter 3 Problem set Exercise 2.1 Assume there are just two countries in the world, i.e. the European Union (EU) and the Rest of the World (RW). Both countries produce and consume 2 products: bicycles (b) and apples (a). Per bike, the EU puts in 3 hours of labour while the RW puts in 5. Per ton of apples, the EU needs 2 hours v. the RW 1 hour of labour. A further given is that the EU has 2400 hours of labour available v. RW 1600. The worldRead MoreWEEK 2 QUIZ805 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Question 1 2 out of 2 points If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. This is a statement of ________________. Answer Selected Answer: Thorndike s Law of Effect Question 2 2 out of 2 points A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______. Answer Selected Answer: operant conditioning Question 3 2 out of 2 points A childRead MoreWeek 2 Project Charter 2941 Words   |  4 PagesPB, or PBD used to advance the project. Project Manager and Stakeholders Who will lead this project? Who are the major stakeholders? Milestones What are the key milestone dates associated with the project? Implementation Vote 2 Months Project Timeline   Key milestones Planning: Apr 2013 - Dec 2013 Design: Jan 2014 - Dec 2014 Bid / Award: Jan 2015 - Apr 2015 Construction: May 2015 - Mar 2016 Closeout: Apr 2016 - Jul 2016 Project Timeline (Subcatogories) Demolition of old playgroundRead MoreWeek 2 Quiz1279 Words   |  6 Pages. (TCO 2) Bubba’s Crawfish Processing Company uses a traditional overhead allocation based on direct labor hours. For the current year overhead is estimated at $2,250,000 and direct labor hours are budgeted at 415,000 hours. Actual overhead was $2,200,000 and actual direct labor hours worked were 422,000. (a) Calculate the predetermined overhead rate. Rate, based on budgeted factory overhead cost and budgeted activity, that is established before a period begins. 2,250,000/415,000 Budgeted

Computer Hardware Assignment - 3019 Words

COMPUTER HARDWARE HIT 1403. Assignment 1 Bektemir Kassymov Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................3 Hard Disk .....................................................................................................................................5 History of hard disks. ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Technology of recording data on hard disks. ........................................................................................................ 6 RAM (Random-Access Memory)†¦show more content†¦So what constitutes such unique human invention? The first sign by which computers differ is a platform. We can distinguish two major PC platforms: Platform of IBM compatible computers includes a huge range and variety of computers, from simple family computers to very complex and hi-tech servers. It’s t he platform that is usually known by user as a PC. Actually it is not obligatory that best IBM – compatible computers should be manufactured by IBM, this â€Å"blue giant† only created such standard, but now IBM is just one of the many PC manufacturers. Another platform - Apple is represented by respectively not so popular computers Macintosh. They use their own, special software, and their filling is significantly differs from IBM. Typically, IBM-compatible PCs are made up of three parts (blocks): the system unit, monitor (display) keyboard (a device that allows you to enter characters into your computer). Computers are available in a portable form - in the laptop (2-5kg laptop) Here, the system unit, monitor and keyboard are enclosed in one case: if you remove the system block and look inside, you can see all details corresponding to the next PC architecture. However, there are devices that are in any case set on a modern PC. Typical Personal Computer is composed fro m a case and following parts: †¢ Motherboard. 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Ethical Egoism free essay sample

Imagine that you’re walking down a crowded street and an old woman with bags in her hand is walking towards you. The handles on her bags break, and all of her belongings go tumbling to the ground. People walk by, look at her, and keep walking. Unlike them, you stop and help her pick everything up. She simply looks at you and says, â€Å"Thank you†. You smile at her and then continue on your way, feeling much better about yourself because you cared enough to stop and help. Some people think we ought to only do what is best for ourselves, but I will present evidence that this is a misunderstanding of ethics and the incorrect way of approaching ethics. Ethical egoism doesn’t say that we have no choice but to act in our self-interest like psychological egoism. Instead, it says that we ought to only do what is in our personal rational self-interest; this self-interest should be long term. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Egoism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, an ethical egoist realizes that I should go to the dentist to get a cavity removed even though it causes me pain because it can prevent even more pain in the future. In this paper, I will explain what ethical egoism is, give examples why ethical egoism is incorrect, provide examples that support ethical egoism, and clarify why those reasons are inaccurate. We have â€Å"natural duties† to others â€Å"simply because they are people who could be helped or harmed by our actions† (FE p. 113). In other words, if a certain action on our part could help another, then this is a reason why we should help others. The interests of others count from a moral point of view, even if ethical egoism claims that morality comes from doing what is in our self-interest; I don’t believe that true. So: other peoples’ interests are significant and count from a moral point of view. We can help others. Thus, we should help others. This argument would be an argument for altruism. Some disagree with it, namely ethical egoists; according to ethical egoism, â€Å"one has a moral obligation to only serve and promote one’s own interests† (FE p. 107). The first argument I would like to bring to light is the argument from altruism. It starts with three assumptions. 1.) We do not know the interests of others. Since we cannot know others’ interests, we are likely to fail in our attempts to help others. We are, however, in a good position to know our own interests. 2.) Helping others is invasive. 3.) Helping others can be degrading in the way it says that they  are not competent to care for themselves. From these assumptions, we get the following argument: 1.) We should do whatever will promote the interests of everyone alike. 2.) The interests of others are best promoted if each of us adopts the policy of pursuing our own interests. 3.) Thus, each of us should adopt the policy of pursuing our own interests exclusively. However, retaliation is quite simple. The above argument is not an egoistic argument—it’s actually an altruistic one. Notice that although the conclusion says that we ought to act egoistically, the conclusion is driven by the motivation of altruism (in premise 1). So it really says, â€Å"In order to be successfully altruistic, everyone should act as an egoist.† Thomas Hobbes’s argument says that common-sense moral intuitions can always be explained in terms of ethical egoism. We should do certain things (like tell the truth, don’t kill, etc.) because in the long run they serve our interests. Examples of those would be if we make a habit of harming others, people will be reluctant to help us or refrain from harming us (thus it is in our own interests not to harm others), and if we lie to people, we will get a bad reputation so people won’t be honest with us as a result (thus it is in our own best interests to be truthful). Hobbes’s argument looks something like this: 1.) If it serves my own interests to adopt some â€Å"altruistic principles,† then I should adopt some altruistic principles. 2.) It serves my own interests (as in the examples provided above) to adopt some â€Å"altruistic principles.† 3.) In conclusion, I should adopt some altruistic principles (Hobbes, EL, p. 120). Hobbes’s argument is the reverse of the argument from altruism. (We start with egoistic motivations and goals, and end up acting like altruists.) A great example of why ethical egoism doesn’t work lies in racism. Why doesn’t racism work? Because it claims that one groups’ interests are more important than another’s yet fails to be able to show that the one group has properties which are salient in the sense of proving that they’re more important. Now what about egoism? It requires that we believe that from each person’s perspective, his or her own interests are more important than everyone else’s. If this is so, we must be able to come up with some salient differences between the self and others to ground it. Otherwise, it is no different than racism. However, an ethical egoist could simply say it is in fact in our best interest to put our own interests above everyone else’s. If everyone were to do that, we would all be of the same importance. Now, I’m going to integrate an argument for ethical egoism that I learned in an economics class. It’s called the invisible hand, which is an economic theory that claims that we should expect a prosperous society from rationally self-interested individuals motivated by profit who compete for business. The invisible hand is an argument for ethical egoism because if the invisible hand argument is sound, ethical egoism within a capitalistic economy leads to prosperity. Ethical egoism is endorsed by the invisible hand argument as long as it requires people to act on the profit motive, have rational self-interest and has absolutely no need for empathy. Ethical egoism could be used for practical reasons because everyday decision-making is not necessarily compatible with a completed moral theory. There might be some sort of ethical egoism that encourages us to have empathy, help others, and look out for the interests of others, but the egoism endorsed by the â€Å"invisible hand† is not that sort of egoism. Instead, it requires a more selfish and pure form of egoism. This kind of egoism is impractical because we generally hurt others exactly when we think it’s in our self-interest to do so, and it seems false because it seems unlikely that hurting others would never be in our personal self-interest. Whether you believe the moral thing to do is pursuing your own self interest exclusively or that doing the moral thing is simply doing the right thing in regards to others’ needs, morals are and always have been a complicated issue. We are raised with morals, told to obey the moral laws, we marry people with the same moral values that we posses, and then pass on our moral values to our children. Although there are positives to ethical egoism, such as only being responsible for your own self-interests, I don’t believe it’s the correct approach to ethics. I believe in altruism, and it only takes one person doing a truly selfless act to disprove ethical egoism.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Usability Report on the Battery

Questions: Create a usability report on the battery using the three sections outlined below. 1. Write an Executive Summary. 2. Write a requirements analysis and/or a task analysis. 3. Conduct a usability analysis on the device. Answers: Executive summary Cogstate Brief Battery is a playing card based battery and it is administered by IT technologies. Diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimers disease, dementia, depression, etc., which are neurodegenerative are screened by this battery. The ability of individuals in cognitive tasks are measured by this battery which are impaired with the diseases (Cogstate, 2015., Maruff et al., 2013). There are four tests which the battery is composed of. The tests have been designed so as to measure different domain of diseases. The four tests are as follows: Detection Test: Processing speed is measured by this test through the use of reaction time paradigm. Identification Test: Attention is measured by this test through the use of a choice reaction time paradigm One Card Learning Test: Visual Learning is measured by this test through the use of a pattern separation paradigm and One-back Test: Working memory is measured by this test through the use of an end back paradigm (Cogstate, 2015). Exploration of The One Card Learning Task and The Detection Task will be done for the purpose of this analysis. The clinical trials of Cogstate provide the scientific services and products for optimization of the design and execution of the clinical trials aimed at establishing the cognitive effects of the investigation or the marked products. The designs have the computer tests which are specific to patients populations, in this case, they are reliable for use, brief and concise, valid, sensitive to the changes across the languages and cultural aspects. The cogstate gives the provisions for management for scale, monitoring services, and the paper and pencil neuropsychological testing, and questionarres for the patient reports the outcome. Requirement analysis The batteries engage the study subjects which are the cogstate tests are known to be brief in the industry. For the appropriate site staff it involved with scheduling in the patient and also do the requirement study analysis, and at the end of the survey appreciate the ease use of the cogstate system. The products delivered in the approach of various platforms which are the laptops, web based and also on the tablets. In this case, they do not require to checked by an expert in neuropsychologist, but they can conduct from remote access. The training process for the system is easy. The system has to meet all the relevant regulatory and security requirements, also, the clinical data integrity. The system is procedure guidelines are in line with the ISO 9001:2008. The computerized tests in the cogstate clinical trials have provision rapid, sensitive, and valid measure of the different cognitive functions. The tests use novel and verbal stimuli to enhance the assessment. All the tasks are designed for repetitive practices in the little training and learning factors making them a high factor for the clinical trials. The batteries comprise of some individual tasks each designed to a particular area of cognition. Each single task battery is customizable. The services includes are scientific consultations, scales management; it also includes the selection, training, certification, recalibrations and the quality control measures. The teams in the clinical developments always the cost efficient and scale and high quality cognitive data. The management and training services are provided by the cogstate. High quality cognitive data is of the essence, and will result in the generation and collection of valid questionnaires. The baseline and change in the range of cognitive domains are measured by various cognitive tasks which are computerized. Memory, attention, language cognition, executive function and emotional cognition can be assessed by specific tasks. Not only that the effect of drugs, nutraceuticals, devices are also determined by the batteries. The batteries re also used in screening programs and large scale sports medicine programs. International peer reviewed journals have also validated the cogstate testing method. A wide range of cognitive domains such as attention cognition, social-emotional cognition, simple reaction tome are targeted by these batteries. The tests are designed to decrease the noise from cognitive records taken from the trials in research and increase the signal . and The ability has been proven to detect both the reduction in the in cognition and improvement. Usability analysis on the device There has been extensive use of Cogstate batteries for assessing a number of diseases. Four cognitive domains are assessed by the Cogstate batteries. These are Working memory Visual learning Attention Processing speed Any of the four tests which have been mentioned in the starting of the paper may be used by researchers for measuring the domains. The researchers may choose test according to their suitability and convenience. The use of the cogstate batteries have been very reliable as it has been tested by a large number of researchers. A huge range of language and cultural groups have used these tests and given positive feedbacks with respect to reliability of the batteries. Using and navigation of minimal interface is easy. The difference between a failed and a successful experiment can be made by the services provided by the Cogstate. It will be helpful for the clinical teams. Assessment of cognitive functions in both younger and older adults and in clinical gropus suffering from pysochologiocal illness and dementian are done by the costate batteries. The battery has always been described in detail in the scientific literature and used broadly to guide clinical decision making in early phase settings. Due of its brevity and lack of generation of any practice effects upon repeated administration, it can be given many times in a single day and then on many days in the same experiment. The psychometric characteristics of the Cogstate Early Phase battery and its demonstrated sensitivity to change associated with drug effects are the subject of numerous for peer-review scientific journal publications. In the early phase Clinical Research Units want to imlement a proven, sensitive and rapid test battery to measure the cognitive effect of the new drugs of their Pharmaceutical Sponsor clients, the Cogstate scientific consultancy , software, training and data monitoring systems enable fast yet precise cognitive data collection. The other test batteries, the Cogstate Early Phase battery is easy to use, engaging and brief for subjects. For site staff, the system is quick to set-up, requires minimal training, is very easy to use and requires minimal data reconciliation work. Assessment of the device Benefits are accrued to battery users of targeted clinical population. The users do not need to learn the use of battery and they are also not distracted by the new information while progressing through the test. Thus there is not more interference from the programming which are assessed by the battery. However, there are certain flaws associated with the use of the battery. The Cogstate Research comprises a customizable range of computerized cognitive tasks able to conduct baseline and change in a wide variety of cognitive domains. The baseline and change in the range of cognitive domains are measured by various cognitive tasks which are computerized. Memory, attention, language cognition, executive function and emotional cognition can be assessed by specific tasks. Not only that the effect of drugs, nutraceuticals, devices are also determined by the batteries. It would not be feasible to use the batteries in screening and large-scale sports medicine programs. Audition of the quality and data systems are done by global pharmaceutical companies and by independent consultants. There are flaws associated with the use of battery. The feedbacks of error should be shown in red because red is accepted as an error colour. There is problem in understanding the error tone which accompanies the display as it cannot be heard properly. There are also certain guess abilities associated with the test and both my volunteer and I did not require the reading of detailed instructions while applying the test. There were concise instructions written and the instruction page also contained a start button. Signifiers and conventional constraints were used by the start button. The button was dark and it lit up once an user proceeds. Mapping was also used to establish a similarity between the onscreen keys and the keyboard keys. Thus I completed using the battery without going through much of the instructions. I could easily identify what needed to be done. The feedback for correct responses was being shown in green which was quite pleasing. However the error feedbacks were accompanied by low tone and blue cross and I did not find pleasing at all in the beginning. It created a kind of confusion. I tried to click on the no and yes button as it seemed to me that those buttons were clickable which were actually not. The mapping of the two keys on screen which were analogous to the keyboard was however appreciable. The tasks were quite lengthy and at some points I was getting really confused whether I was still in the practice test or in the real test. The tests being lengthy I was getting a bit bored as well. These were the minor problems associated with the performance of the tasks. Overall the tests have been designed quite well and it was a pleasant experience for me. References Alzheimers disease. BMC Pharmacology Toxicology, 1. doi: 10.1186/2050-7283-1-30 Barbas, N., Darby, D., Giordani, B., Hammers, D., Heidebrink, J., Persad, C., Ryan, K., Spurgeon, E.(2012). Validity of a brief computerized cognitive screening test in dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 25, 89 99. Doi:10.1177/0891988712447894 Cogstate Ltd. (2015, October 10). Cogstate brief battery. Retrieved from: community-dwelling older adults. J Alzheimers.Dis 2011;27(3):627-37. Lim YY, Ellis KA, Harrington K, Ames D, Martins RN, Masters CL, et al. Use of the CogState Brief Battery in the assessment of Alzheimer's disease related cognitive impairment in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. J Clin Exp.Neuropsychol. 2012;34(4):345-58. Lim, Y. Y., Jaeger, J., Harrington, K., Ashwood, T., Ellis, K. a, Stffler, A., Maruff, P. (2013). Three- Month Stability of the CogState Brief Battery in Healthy Older Adults. Louey, A. G., Cromer, J. A., Schembri, A. J., Darby, D. G., Maruff, P., Makdissi, M., Mccrory, P. (2014). Detecting cognitive impairment after concussion: sensitivity of change from baseline and normative data methods using the CogSport/Axon cognitive test battery. Archives of Clinical Maruff P, Thomas E, Cysique L, Brew B, Collie A, Snyder P, et al. Validity of the CogState brief battery: relationship to standardized tests and sensitivity to cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and AIDS dementia complex. Arch.Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;24(2):165-78. Maruff, P., Lim, Y. Y., Darby, D., Ellis, K. A., Pietrzak, R. H., Snyder P. J., Bush, A. I., Szoeke, C., Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimers Disease: Results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle-Rate of Change Substudy (AIBL-ROCS). Archives of clinical neuropsych.